Thraupidae: Tanagers
The tanagers were traditionally regarded as a large, diverse family of colorful, predominantly frugivorous, Neotropical songbirds, but advanced genetic techniques have imposed some dramatic revisions on the family tree. The current configuration of the Thraupidae has grown even larger and more diverse, so diverse as to resemble a miscellaneous category. As revised through a series of laboratory-based analyses, the tanager family comprises roughly equivalent complements of traditional tanagers and finches, while many of the species that were formerly classified as tanagers are now understood to belong in various other families.
Taxonomy
The reclassification of the “tanagers” and other nine-primaried songbirds has been one of the more active endeavors of Twenty-first Century phylogenetic research. As currently understood, the Thraupidae comprise approximately eighteen major branches which John H. Boyd III (author of the invaluable Taxonomy in Flux project) regards as tribes and aggregates into two subfamilies, with six tribes in one subfamily and twelve in the other, as follows:
Thraupinae: Six tribes of tanagers and finches (116 to 142 species)
Catamblyrhynchini: Plushcap (1 species)
Porphyrospizini: Inca-finches (9 or 10 species)
Orchesticini: Grosbeak-tanagers (2 species)
Pipraeideini: Mountain-tanagers (22 to 32 species)
Cissopini: Cardinal-tanagers (26 to 28 species)
Thraupini: Tangara tanagers (56 to 69 species)
Dacninae: Twelve tribes of tanagers and finches (271 to 306 species, plus one extinct)
Nemosiini: Flocking tanagers (5 species)
Conirostrini: Conebills (11 to 13 species)
Diglossini: Sierra-finches (54 to 67 species)
Hemithraupini: Yellow-and-black tanagers (9 species)
Tachyphonini: Ornamented tanagers (31 to 34 species)
Charitospizini: Coal-crested Finch (1 species)
Dacnini: Blue tanagers (15 species)
Emberizoidini: Grass-finches (6 or 7 species)
Saltatorini: Saltators (18 species)
Poospizini: Warbling-finches (47 to 52 species)
Coeribini: Bullfinches (33 to 42 species, plus one extinct)
Sporophilini: Neotropical seedeaters (41 to 43 species)
This arrangement excludes two closely related branches—each currently recognized as an independent family, the Mitrospingidae (mitrospingid tanagers) and Cardinalidae (cardinals)—which could be regarded as subfamilies within the Thraupidae. That revision seems likely, if not inevitable, as members of both groups share most of their descriptive features with many current thraupids, and the difference between classifying them as closely affiliated families versus subfamilies seems to be a fundamentally subjective and arbitrary judgment.
The species-level taxonomy of this huge family has many areas of instability, and large-scale subdivisions of some “species” seem overdue. To take a familiar example, the widespread Bananaquit (Coereba flaveola) is conspicuously diverse and almost certainly includes more than one species, but the subdivisions within it are complex, and definitive lines are difficult to draw. Subject to great uncertainty, the eighteen-tribe iteration of the Thraupidae totals somewhere in the range of approximately 387 to 448 species, plus one recently extinct.
Plushcap (Catamblyrhynchus diadema)
Mourning Sierra-Finch (Rhopospina fruticeti)
“Mourning Sierra-Finch” (R. f. fruticeti)
“Blackish Sierra-Finch” (R. f. coracina)
Blue Finch (Rhopospina caerulescens)
Band-tailed Sierra-Finch (Rhopospina alaudina)
Carbonated Sierra-Finch (Rhopospina carbonaria)
Great Inca-Finch (Incaspiza pulchra)
Rufous-backed Inca-Finch (Incaspiza personata)
Gray-winged Inca-Finch (Incaspiza ortizi)
Buff-bridled Inca-Finch (Incaspiza laeta)
Little Inca-Finch (Incaspiza watkinsi)
Yellow-shouldered Grosbeak (Parkerthraustes humeralis)
Brown Tanager (Orchesticus abeillei)
Vermilion Tanager (Calochaetes coccineus)
Purplish-mantled Tanager (Iridosornis porphyrocephalus)
Yellow-throated Tanager (Iridosornis analis)
Golden-collared Tanager (Iridosornis jelskii)
Golden-crowned Tanager (Iridosornis rufivertex)
Yellow-scarfed Tanager (Iridosornis reinhardti)
Fawn-breasted Tanager (Pipraeidea melanonota)
Blue-and-yellow Tanager (Rauenia bonariensis)
“Green-mantled Tanager” (R. b. darwinii)
“Blue-and-yellow Tanager” (R. b. bonariensis)
Rufous-bellied Mountain-Tanager (Pseudosaltator rufiventris)
Chestnut-bellied Mountain-Tanager (Dubusia castaneoventris)
Buff-breasted Mountain-Tanager (Dubusia taeniata)
“Carriker’s Mountain-Tanager” (D. t. carrikeri)
“Buff-breasted Mountain-Tanager” (D. t. taeniata)
“Cerulean-streaked Mountain-Tanager” (D. t. stictocephala)
Hooded Mountain-Tanager (Buthraupis montana)
Blue-capped Tanager (Sporathraupis cyanocephala)
Masked Mountain-Tanager (Tephrophilus wetmorei)
Grass-green Tanager (Chlorornis riefferii)
Black-chested Mountain-Tanager (Cnemathraupis eximia)
Golden-backed Mountain-Tanager (Cnemathraupis aureodorsalis)
Blue-winged Mountain-Tanager (Compsocoma somptuosa)
“Blue-winged Mountain-Tanager” (C. s. somptuosa)
“Bolivian Mountain-Tanager” (C. s. flavinucha)
Black-chinned Mountain-Tanager (Compsocoma notabilis)
Santa Marta Mountain-Tanager (Anisognathus melanogenys)
Lacrimose Mountain-Tanager (Anisognathus lacrymosus)
“Perijá Mountain-Tanager” (A. l. pallididorsalis)
“Mérida Mountain-Tanager” (A. l. melanops)
“Yariguíes Mountain-Tanager” (A. l. yariguierum)
“Cauca Mountain-Tanager” (A. l. intensus)
“Ecuadorian Mountain-Tanager” (A. l. palpebrosus)
“Lacrimose Mountain-Tanager” (A. l. lacrymosus)
Scarlet-bellied Mountain-Tanager (Anisognathus igniventris)
“Scarlet-bellied Mountain-Tanager” (A. i. lunulatus)
“Fire-bellied Mountain-Tanager” (A. i. igniventris)
Orange-throated Tanager (Wetmorethraupis sterrhopteron)
Blue-and-gold Tanager (Bangsia arcaei)
Yellow-green Tanager (Bangsia flavovirens)
Black-and-gold Tanager (Bangsia melanochlamys)
Golden-chested Tanager (Bangsia rothschildi)
Moss-backed Tanager (Bangsia edwardsi)
Gold-ringed Tanager (Bangsia aureocincta)
Glittering-green Tanager (Chlorochrysa phoenicotis)
Multicolored Tanager (Chlorochrysa nitidissima)
Orange-eared Tanager (Chlorochrysa calliparaea)
“Orange-eared Tanager” (C. c. calliparaea)
“Blue-throated Tanager” (C. c. fulgentissima)
Black-crested Finch (Lophospingus pusillus)
Gray-crested Finch (Lophospingus griseocristatus)
White-banded Tanager (Neothraupis fasciata)
Yellow Cardinal (Gubernatrix cristata)
Common Diuca-Finch (Hedyglossa diuca)
Diademed Tanager (Stephanophorus diadematus)
Magpie Tanager (Cissopis leverianus)
Black-faced Tanager (Schistochlamys melanopis)
Cinnamon Tanager (Schistochlamys ruficapillus)
Red-crested Cardinal (Paroaria coronata)
Red-cowled Cardinal (Paroaria dominicana)
Masked Cardinal (Paroaria nigrogenis)
Red-capped Cardinal (Paroaria gularis)
“Red-capped Cardinal” (P. g. gularis)
“Bolivian Cardinal” (P. g. cervicalis)
Yellow-billed Cardinal (Paroaria capitata)
Xingú Cardinal (Paroaria xinguensis)
Araguaia Cardinal (Paroaria baeri)
Blue-and-black Tanager (Tangara vassorii)
“Blue-and-black Tanager” (T. v. vassorii)
“Spot-bellied Tanager” (T. v. atrocoerulea)
Beryl-spangled Tanager (Tangara nigroviridis)
Green-naped Tanager (Tangara fucosa)
Spangle-cheeked Tanager (Tangara dowii)
Blue-browed Tanager (Tangara cyanotis)
Metallic-green Tanager (Tangara labradorides)
Rufous-cheeked Tanager (Tangara rufigenis)
Rufous-winged Tanager (Tangara lavinia)
Bay-headed Tanager (Tangara gyrola)
“Bay-and-blue Tanager” (T. g. albertinae)
“Bay-and-green Tanager” (T. g. viridissima)
“Bay-headed Tanager” (T. g. gyrola)
Golden-eared Tanager (Tangara chrysotis)
Saffron-crowned Tanager (Tangara xanthocephala)
Flame-faced Tanager (Tangara parzudakii)
“Flame-faced Tanager” (T. p. parzudakii)
“Yellow-faced Tanager” (T. p. lunigera)
Green-and-gold Tanager (Tangara schrankii)
Blue-whiskered Tanager (Tangara johannae)
Golden Tanager (Tangara arthus)
“Venezuelan Golden Tanager” (T. a. arthus)
“Colombian Golden Tanager” (T. a. aurulenta)
“Peruvian Golden Tanager” (T. a. pulchra)
Emerald Tanager (Tangara florida)
Silver-throated Tanager (Tangara icterocephala)
Plain-colored Tanager (Tangara inornata)
Turquoise Tanager (Tangara mexicana)
“Turquoise Tanager” (T. m. mexicana)
“White-bellied Tanager” (T. m. brasiliensis)
Paradise Tanager (Tangara chilensis)
Opal-rumped Tanager (Tangara velia)
“Opal-rumped Tanager” (T. v. velia)
“Silver-breasted Tanager” (T. v. cyanomelas)
Opal-crowned Tanager (Tangara callophrys)
Green-headed Tanager (Tangara seledon)
Seven-colored Tanager (Tangara fastuosa)
Red-necked Tanager (Tangara cyanocephala)
Gilt-edged Tanager (Tangara cyanoventris)
Brassy-breasted Tanager (Tangara desmaresti)
Dotted Tanager (Tangara vana)
Rufous-throated Tanager (Tangara rufigula)
Spotted Tanager (Tangara punctata)
Speckled Tanager (Tangara guttata)
Yellow-bellied Tanager (Tangara xanthogastra)
Golden-naped Tanager (Tangara ruficervix)
“Golden-naped Tanager” (T. r. ruficervix)
“Rusty-naped Tanager” (T. r. fulvicervix)
Blue-gray Tanager (Tangara episcopus)
“Blue-gray Tanager” (T. e. cana)
“White-edged Tanager” (T. e. episcopus)
Sayaca Tanager (Tangara sayaca)
Glaucous Tanager (Tangara glaucocolpa)
Azure-shouldered Tanager (Tangara cyanoptera)
Yellow-winged Tanager (Tangara abbas)
Palm Tanager (Tangara palmarum)
Golden-chevroned Tanager (Tangara ornata)
Azure-rumped Tanager (Tangara cabanisi)
Gray-and-gold Tanager (Tangara palmeri)
Black-headed Tanager (Tangara argentea)
“Black-headed Tanager” (T. a. argentea)
“Black-hooded Tanager” (T. a. whitelyi)
Silvery Tanager (Tangara viridicollis)
Sira Tanager (Tangara phillipsi)
Black-capped Tanager (Tangara heinei)
Green-throated Tanager (Tangara argyrofenges)
Golden-hooded Tanager (Tangara larvata)
Masked Tanager (Tangara nigrocincta)
Blue-necked Tanager (Tangara cyanicollis)
Black-backed Tanager (Tangara peruviana)
Chestnut-backed Tanager (Tangara preciosa)
Green-capped Tanager (Tangara meyerdeschauenseei)
Scrub Tanager (Tangara vitriolina)
Burnished-buff Tanager (Tangara cayana)
“Burnished-buff Tanager” (T. c. cayana)
“Stripe-bellied Tanager” (T. c. flava)
Lesser Antillean Tanager (Tangara cucullata)
“St. Vincent Tanager” (T. c. versicolor)
“Grenada Tanager” (T. c. cucullata)
Hooded Tanager (Nemosia pileata)
Cherry-throated Tanager (Nemosia rourei)
Blue-backed Tanager (Cyanicterus cyanicterus)
White-capped Tanager (Sericossypha albocristata)
Scarlet-throated Tanager (Sericossypha loricata)
Bicolored Conebill (Conirostrum bicolor)
Pearly-breasted Conebill (Conirostrum margaritae)
Chestnut-vented Conebill (Conirostrum speciosum)
White-eared Conebill (Conirostrum leucogenys)
Capped Conebill (Conirostrum albifrons)
“White-capped Conebill” (C. a. albifrons)
“Blue-capped Conebill” (C. a. atrocyaneum)
Giant Conebill (Conirostrum binghami)
Blue-backed Conebill (Conirostrum sitticolor)
White-browed Conebill (Conirostrum ferrugineiventre)
Tamarugo Conebill (Conirostrum tamarugense)
Rufous-browed Conebill (Conirostrum rufum)
Cinereous Conebill (Conirostrum cinereum)
“Ochraceous Conebill” (C. c. fraseri)
“Cinereous Conebill” (C. c. cinereum)
Stripe-tailed Yellow-Finch (Pseudochloris citrina)
Gray-hooded Sierra-Finch (Phrygilus gayi)
“Chilean Sierra-Finch” (P. g. minor)
“Gray-hooded Sierra-Finch” (P. g. gayi)
Patagonian Sierra-Finch (Phrygilus patagonicus)
Peruvian Sierra-Finch (Phrygilus punensis)
Black-hooded Sierra-Finch (Phrygilus atriceps)
Gough Island Finch (Rowettia goughensis)
White-bridled Finch (Melanodera melanodera)
“Fuegian Finch” (M. m. princetoniana)
“Falkland Finch” (M. m. melanodera)
Yellow-bridled Finch (Melanodera xanthogramma)
“White-tailed Finch” (M. x. barrosi)
“Yellow-tailed Finch” (M. x. xanthogramma)
Inaccessible Island Finch (Nesospiza acunhae)
“Inaccessible Island Finch” (N. a. acunhae)
“Fraser’s Finch” (N. a. fraseri)
“Dunne’s Finch” (N. a. dunnei)
Nightingale Island Finch (Nesospiza questi)
Wilkins’s Finch (Nesospiza wilkinsi)
Orange-fronted Yellow-Finch (Sicalis columbiana)
Saffron Finch (Sicalis flaveola)
“Saffron Finch” (S. f. flaveola)
“Pelzeln’s Yellow-Finch” (S. f. pelzelni)
Grassland Yellow-Finch (Sicalis luteola)
“Middle American Yellow-Finch” (S. l. chrysops)
“Grassland Yellow-Finch” (S. l. luteola)
“Andean Yellow-Finch” (S. l. bogotensis)
“Misto Yellow-Finch” (S. l. luteiventris)
Sulphur-throated Yellow-Finch (Sicalis taczanowskii)
Bright-rumped Yellow-Finch (Sicalis uropigyalis)
Citron-headed Yellow-Finch (Sicalis luteocephala)
Patagonian Yellow-Finch (Sicalis lebruni)
Greenish Yellow-Finch (Sicalis olivascens)
Monte Yellow-Finch (Sicalis mendozae)
Greater Yellow-Finch (Sicalis auriventris)
Puna Yellow-Finch (Sicalis lutea)
Raimondi’s Yellow-Finch (Sicalis raimondii)
Tit-like Dacnis (Xenodacnis parina)
“Large Tit-like Dacnis” (X. p. petersi)
“Small Tit-like Dacnis” (X. p. parina)
White-winged Diuca-Finch (Diuca speculifera)
Short-tailed Finch (Diuca brachyura)
White-throated Sierra-Finch (Diuca erythronota)
Red-backed Sierra-Finch (Diuca dorsalis)
Plumbeous Sierra-Finch (Geospizopsis unicolor)
Ash-breasted Sierra-Finch (Geospizopsis plebejus)
Uniform Finch (Haplospiza unicolor)
Slaty Finch (Haplospiza rustica)
Peg-billed Finch (Acanthidops bairdi)
Band-tailed Seedeater (Catamenia analis)
Páramo Seedeater (Catamenia homochroa)
Plain-colored Seedeater (Catamenia inornata)
Golden-eyed Flowerpiercer (Diglossa glauca)
Bluish Flowerpiercer (Diglossa caerulescens)
Masked Flowerpiercer (Diglossa cyanea)
Indigo Flowerpiercer (Diglossa indigotica)
Rusty Flowerpiercer (Diglossa sittoides)
Cinnamon-bellied Flowerpiercer (Diglossa baritula)
Slaty Flowerpiercer (Diglossa plumbea)
Moustached Flowerpiercer (Diglossa mystacalis)
“Rust-chested Flowerpiercer” (D. m. unicincta)
“White-chested Flowerpiercer” (D. m. pectoralis)
“Black-chested Flowerpiercer” (D. m. albilinea)
“Moustached Flowerpiercer” (D. m. mystacalis)
Chestnut-bellied Flowerpiercer (Diglossa gloriosissima)
Glossy Flowerpiercer (Diglossa lafresnayii)
Scaled Flowerpiercer (Diglossa duidae)
Greater Flowerpiercer (Diglossa major)
White-sided Flowerpiercer (Diglossa albilatera)
Venezuelan Flowerpiercer (Diglossa venezuelensis)
Black-throated Flowerpiercer (Diglossa brunneiventris)
Gray-bellied Flowerpiercer (Diglossa carbonaria)
Black Flowerpiercer (Diglossa humeralis)
Mérida Flowerpiercer (Diglossa gloriosa)
Green Honeycreeper (Chlorophanes spiza)
Golden-collared Honeycreeper (Iridophanes pulcherrimus)
Black-and-yellow Tanager (Chrysothlypis chrysomelas)
Scarlet-and-white Tanager (Chrysothlypis salmoni)
Sulphur-rumped Tanager (Heterospingus rubrifrons)
Scarlet-browed Tanager (Heterospingus xanthopygius)
Yellow-backed Tanager (Hemithraupis flavicollis)
Guira Tanager (Hemithraupis guira)
Rufous-headed Tanager (Hemithraupis ruficapilla)
Rufous-crested Tanager (Creurgops verticalis)
Slaty Tanager (Creurgops dentatus)
Blue-black Grassquit (Volatinia jacarina)
Black-and-white Tanager (Conothraupis speculigera)
Cone-billed Tanager (Conothraupis mesoleuca)
Gray-headed Tanager (Trichothraupis penicillata)
“Gray-capped Tanager” (T. p. spodocephalus)
“Gray-headed Tanager” (T. p. penicillata)
Black-goggled Tanager (Trichothraupis melanops)
Flame-crested Tanager (Trichothraupis cristata)
“Flame-crested Tanager” (T. c. cristata)
“Natterer’s Tanager” (T. c. nattereri)
White-shouldered Tanager (Trichothraupis luctuosa)
Yellow-crested Tanager (Trichothraupis rufiventer)
Gray Pileated-Finch (Coryphospingus pileatus)
Red Pileated-Finch (Coryphospingus cucullatus)
Fulvous-crested Tanager (Lanio surinamus)
Tawny-crested Tanager (Lanio delatrii)
Crimson-breasted Finch (Lanio cruentus)
White-winged Shrike-Tanager (Lanio versicolor)
Fulvous Shrike-Tanager (Lanio fulvus)
Black-throated Shrike-Tanager (Lanio aurantius)
White-throated Shrike-Tanager (Lanio leucothorax)
Red-shouldered Tanager (Tachyphonus phoenicius)
Ruby-crowned Tanager (Tachyphonus coronatus)
White-lined Tanager (Tachyphonus rufus)
Crimson-collared Tanager (Ramphocelus sanguinolentus)
Lemon-rumped Tanager (Ramphocelus icteronotus)
Flame-rumped Tanager (Ramphocelus flammigerus)
Scarlet-rumped Tanager (Ramphocelus passerinii)
“Passerini’s Tanager” (R. p. passerinii)
“Cherrie’s Tanager” (R. p. costaricensis)
Brazilian Tanager (Ramphocelus bresilia)
Crimson-backed Tanager (Ramphocelus dimidiatus)
Masked Crimson Tanager (Ramphocelus nigrogularis)
Silver-beaked Tanager (Ramphocelus carbo)
Huallaga Tanager (Ramphocelus melanogaster)
Coal-crested Finch (Charitospiza eucosma)
Swallow Tanager (Tersina viridis)
Red-legged Honeycreeper (Cyanerpes cyaneus)
Purple Honeycreeper (Cyanerpes caeruleus)
Shining Honeycreeper (Cyanerpes lucidus)
Short-billed Honeycreeper (Cyanerpes nitidus)
Scarlet-thighed Dacnis (Dacnis venusta)
White-bellied Dacnis (Dacnis albiventris)
Black-legged Dacnis (Dacnis nigripes)
Blue Dacnis (Dacnis cayana)
Yellow-bellied Dacnis (Dacnis flaviventer)
Turquoise Dacnis (Dacnis hartlaubi)
Viridian Dacnis (Dacnis viguieri)
Yellow-tufted Dacnis (Dacnis egregia)
Black-faced Dacnis (Dacnis lineata)
Scarlet-breasted Dacnis (Dacnis berlepschi)
Black-masked Finch (Coryphaspiza melanotis)
Pampa Finch (Embernagra platensis)
“Western Pampa Finch” (E. p. olivascens)
“Eastern Pampa Finch” (E. p. platensis)
Serra Finch (Embernagra longicauda)
Lesser Grass-Finch (Emberizoides ypiranganus)
Wedge-tailed Grass-Finch (Emberizoides herbicola)
Duida Grass-Finch (Emberizoides duidae)
Many-colored Chaco-Finch (Saltatricula multicolor)
Black-throated Saltator (Saltatricula atricollis)
Orinoco Saltator (Saltator orenocensis)
Middle American Saltator (Saltator grandis)
Plumbeous Saltator (Saltator plumbeus)
Green-winged Saltator (Saltator similis)
Grayish Saltator (Saltator coerulescens)
Streaked Saltator (Saltator striatipectus)
Lesser Antillean Saltator (Saltator albicollis)
Buff-throated Saltator (Saltator maximus)
Black-headed Saltator (Saltator atriceps)
Black-winged Saltator (Saltator atripennis)
Black-cowled Saltator (Saltator nigriceps)
Slate-colored Grosbeak (Saltator grossus)
Black-throated Grosbeak (Saltator fuliginosus)
Masked Saltator (Saltator cinctus)
Golden-billed Saltator (Saltator aurantiirostris)
Thick-billed Saltator (Saltator maxillosus)
Cinereous Finch (Piezorina cinerea)
Slender-billed Finch (Xenospingus concolor)
Gray-hooded Bush-Tanager (Cnemoscopus rubrirostris)
“Gray-hooded Bush-Tanager” (C. r. rubrirostris)
“Yellow-bellied Bush-Tanager” (C. r. chrysogaster)
Black-headed Hemispingus (Pseudospingus verticalis)
Drab Hemispingus (Pseudospingus xanthophthalmus)
Bolivian Warbling-Finch (Poospiza boliviana)
Cinnamon Warbling-Finch (Poospiza ornata)
Black-and-chestnut Warbling-Finch (Poospiza whitii)
Black-and-rufous Warbling-Finch (Poospiza nigrorufa)
Collared Warbling-Finch (Poospiza hispaniolensis)
Rufous-breasted Warbling-Finch (Poospiza rubecula)
Cochabamba Mountain-Finch (Poospiza garleppi)
Tucumán Mountain-Finch (Poospiza baeri)
Slaty-backed Hemispingus (Poospiza goeringi)
Rufous-browed Hemispingus (Poospiza rufosuperciliaris)
Gray-capped Hemispingus (Kleinothraupis reyi)
Black-capped Hemispingus (Kleinothraupis atropileus)
White-browed Hemispingus (Kleinothraupis auricularis)
Parodi’s Hemispingus (Kleinothraupis parodii)
Orange-browed Hemispingus (Kleinothraupis calophrys)
Western Hemispingus (Sphenopsis ochraceus)
Piura Hemispingus (Sphenopsis piurae)
Oleaginous Hemispingus (Sphenopsis frontalis)
Black-eared Hemispingus (Sphenopsis melanotis)
Orange-headed Tanager (Thlypopsis sordida)
Buff-bellied Tanager (Thlypopsis inornata)
Fulvous-headed Tanager (Thlypopsis fulviceps)
Chestnut-headed Tanager (Thlypopsis pyrrhocoma)
Rust-and-yellow Tanager (Thlypopsis ruficeps)
Superciliaried Hemispingus (Thlypopsis superciliaris)
“Yellow-browed Hemispingus” (T. s. chrysophrys)
“Superciliaried Hemispingus” (T. s. superciliaris)
“White-bellied Hemispingus” (T. s. leucogastra)
“Urubamba Hemispingus” (T. s. urubambae)
Rufous-chested Tanager (Thlypopsis ornata)
Brown-flanked Tanager (Thlypopsis pectoralis)
Chestnut-breasted Warbling-Finch (Poospizopsis caesar)
Rufous-sided Warbling-Finch (Poospizopsis hypocondria)
White-rumped Tanager (Cypsnagra hirundinacea)
Long-tailed Reed-Finch (Donacospiza albifrons)
Bay-chested Warbling-Finch (Castanozoster thoracicus)
Black-backed Bush-Tanager (Urothraupis stolzmanni)
Pardusco (Nephelornis oneilli)
Buff-throated Warbling-Finch (Microspingus lateralis)
Gray-throated Warbling-Finch (Microspingus cabanisi)
Rusty-browed Warbling-Finch (Microspingus erythrophrys)
Plain-tailed Warbling-Finch (Microspingus alticola)
Ringed Warbling-Finch (Microspingus torquatus)
“Ringed Warbling-Finch” (M. t. torquatus)
“Black-breasted Warbling-Finch” (M. t. pectoralis)
Three-striped Hemispingus (Microspingus trifasciatus)
Black-capped Warbling-Finch (Microspingus melanoleucus)
Cinereous Warbling-Finch (Microspingus cinereus)
Bananaquit (Coereba flaveola)
“Bahama Bananaquit” (C. f. bahamensis)
“Cozumel Bananaquit” (C. f. caboti)
“Cayman Bananaquit” (C. f. sharpei)
“Providencia Bananaquit” (C. f. tricolor)
“Greater Antillean Bananaquit” (C. f. flaveola)
“Puerto Rican Bananaquit” (C. f. portoricensis)
“Lesser Antillean Bananaquit” (C. f. bartholemica)
“Dimorphic Bananaquit” (C. f. aterrima)
“Blackish Bananaquit” (C. f. laurae)
“Continental Bananaquit” (C. f. luteola)
Yellow-faced Grassquit (Tiaris olivaceus)
Orangequit (Euneornis campestris)
Puerto Rican Bullfinch (Melopyrrha portoricensis)
St. Kitts Bullfinch (Melopyrrha grandis) †
Greater Antillean Bullfinch (Melopyrrha violacea)
Cuban Bullfinch (Melopyrrha nigra)
Grand Cayman Bullfinch (Melopyrrha taylori)
Yellow-shouldered Grassquit (Loxipasser anoxanthus)
Cuban Grassquit (Phonipara canora)
Lesser Antillean Bullfinch (Loxigilla noctis)
Barbados Bullfinch (Loxigilla barbadensis)
St. Lucia Black Finch (Melanospiza richardsoni)
Black-faced Grassquit (Melanospiza bicolor)
Sooty Grassquit (Asemospiza fuliginosa)
Dull-colored Grassquit (Asemospiza obscura)
Green Warbler-Finch (Certhidea olivacea)
Gray Warbler-Finch (Certhidea fusca)
Vegetarian Finch (Platyspiza crassirostris)
Cocos Finch (Pinaroloxias inornata)
Large Tree-Finch (Camarhynchus psittacula)
Medium Tree-Finch (Camarhynchus pauper)
Small Tree-Finch (Camarhynchus parvulus)
Mangrove Finch (Camarhynchus heliobates)
Woodpecker Finch (Camarhynchus pallidus)
Small Ground-Finch (Geospiza fuliginosa)
Sharp-beaked Ground-Finch (Geospiza difficilis)
Genovesa Ground-Finch (Geospiza acutirostris)
Vampire Finch (Geospiza septentrionalis)
Española Cactus-Finch (Geospiza conirostris)
Genovesa Cactus-Finch (Geospiza propinqua)
Large Ground-Finch (Geospiza magnirostris)
Common Cactus-Finch (Geospiza scandens)
Medium Ground-Finch (Geospiza fortis)
Lesson’s Seedeater (Sporophila bouvronides)
Lined Seedeater (Sporophila lineola)
White-bellied Seedeater (Sporophila leucoptera)
“Bicolored Seedeater” (S. l. bicolor)
“Gray-backed Seedeater” (S. l. leucoptera)
Parrot-billed Seedeater (Sporophila peruviana)
Chestnut-throated Seedeater (Sporophila telasco)
Drab Seedeater (Sporophila simplex)
Chestnut-bellied Seedeater (Sporophila castaneiventris)
Ruddy-breasted Seedeater (Sporophila minuta)
Black-bellied Seedeater (Sporophila melanogaster)
Copper Seedeater (Sporophila bouvreuil)
Black-and-tawny Seedeater (Sporophila nigrorufa)
Chestnut Seedeater (Sporophila cinnamomea)
Rufous-rumped Seedeater (Sporophila hypochroma)
Pearly-bellied Seedeater (Sporophila pileata)
Tawny-bellied Seedeater (Sporophila hypoxantha)
Marsh Seedeater (Sporophila palustris)
Dark-throated Seedeater (Sporophila ruficollis)
Cinnamon-rumped Seedeater (Sporophila torqueola)
Variable Seedeater (Sporophila corvina)
“Black Seedeater” (S. c. corvina)
“Variable Seedeater” (S. c. ophthalmica)
Gray Seedeater (Sporophila intermedia)
Caquetá Seedeater (Sporophila murallae)
Wing-barred Seedeater (Sporophila americana)
Thick-billed Seed-Finch (Sporophila funerea)
Chestnut-bellied Seed-Finch (Sporophila angolensis)
Nicaraguan Seed-Finch (Sporophila nuttingi)
Great-billed Seed-Finch (Sporophila maximiliani)
Large-billed Seed-Finch (Sporophila crassirostris)
Black-billed Seed-Finch (Sporophila atrirostris)
Morelet’s Seedeater (Sporophila morelleti)
White-naped Seedeater (Sporophila fringilloides)
Black-and-white Seedeater (Sporophila luctuosa)
Double-collared Seedeater (Sporophila caerulescens)
Yellow-bellied Seedeater (Sporophila nigricollis)
Dubois’s Seedeater (Sporophila ardesiaca)
Slate-colored Seedeater (Sporophila schistacea)
Buffy-fronted Seedeater (Sporophila frontalis)
Temminck’s Seedeater (Sporophila falcirostris)
Plumbeous Seedeater (Sporophila plumbea)
Tropeiro Seedeater (Sporophila beltoni)
Rusty-collared Seedeater (Sporophila collaris)
White-throated Seedeater (Sporophila albogularis)
References
Bellemain, E., O.E. Gaggiotti, A. Fahey, E. Bermingham, and R.E. Ricklefs. 2012. Demographic history and genetic diversity in West Indian Coereba flaveola populations. Genetica 140:137-148.
Boyd, J.H., 2019. Taxonomy in Flux: Core Passeroidea V: Mitrospingidae, Cardinalidae, Thraupidae. http://jboyd.net/Taxo/List32.html. (Posted August 2, 2019. Accessed March 18, 2021.)
Burns, K.J., A.J. Shultz, P.O. Title, N.A. Mason, F.K. Barker, J. Klicka, S.M. Lanyon, and I.J. Lovette. 2014. Phylogenetics and diversification of tanagers (Passeriformes: Thraupidae), the largest radiation of Neotropical songbirds. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 75:.41-77.
Roberson, D. 2014. Bird Families of the World: Tanagers, Thraupidae, http://creagrus.home.montereybay.com/tanagers.html. (Posted March 16, 2014. Accessed March 18, 2021.)